[
  {
    "id": "S01",
    "reference": 1,
    "title": "SC13-SQ01: Update of squid datasets held by the Secretariat",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO Secretariat",
    "published": "2025",
    "source_type": "intergovernmental fisheries data",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/02-SC/13th-SC-2025/Squid/SC13-SQ01-SEC-Update-of-Squid-Datasets-held-by-the-Secretariat.pdf",
    "locator": "2024 active-vessel table and catch/effort discussion",
    "access": "Official PDF reviewed",
    "limitation": "Active jigging vessels in Convention Area, not global fleet or illegal-vessel count; historical series can be revised."
  },
  {
    "id": "S02",
    "reference": 2,
    "title": "Case 20331-2017-00179: cassation decision",
    "publisher": "Ecuador, Corte Nacional de Justicia",
    "published": "2019-07-18",
    "source_type": "judicial decision, third-party-hosted copy",
    "url": "https://www.derechosdelanaturaleza.org.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/PESCA-DE-TIBURON-EN-GALAPAGOS-SENTENCIA-CASACION.pdf",
    "locator": "PDF pages 2–8; disposition page 8",
    "access": "Full PDF downloaded and extracted",
    "limitation": "Procedural history contains superseded rulings and arguments; final disposition must be distinguished from those passages. Payment ordered is not payment collected."
  },
  {
    "id": "S03",
    "reference": 3,
    "title": "Treasury Targets Serious Human Rights Abuse Aboard Distant Water Fishing Vessels",
    "publisher": "U.S. Treasury",
    "published": "2022-12-09",
    "source_type": "official administrative designation and findings",
    "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1154",
    "locator": "Dalian, Pingtan, Li Zhenyu and Xinrong Zhuo sections",
    "access": "Official release reviewed",
    "limitation": "Sanctions findings are not criminal convictions; current status requires separate checking."
  },
  {
    "id": "S04",
    "reference": 4,
    "title": "Unseen and unaccountable: The growing threat of China’s squid fleet in the South Pacific",
    "publisher": "Environmental Justice Foundation",
    "published": "2026-02-19",
    "source_type": "NGO investigation and interviews",
    "url": "https://ejfoundation.org/reports/unseen-and-unaccountable-the-growing-threat-of-chinas-squid-fleet-in-the-south-pacific",
    "document_url": "https://ejfoundation.org/resources/downloads/Southeast-Pacific-squid-report-EJF.pdf",
    "locator": "Methodology pp. 9–10; ports pp. 18–19; labor table p. 29",
    "access": "Full PDF downloaded and relevant sections reviewed",
    "limitation": "Non-random interviews; sister-ship association does not establish the same abuse. Identity counts differ from unique hull counts. Port-change motive needs separate evidence."
  },
  {
    "id": "S05",
    "reference": 5,
    "title": "Keeping the Lights On: Uncovering the Networks Enabling the Distant Water Squid Fleet",
    "publisher": "C4ADS; Sara Nix",
    "published": "2025-06-03",
    "source_type": "NGO corporate and maritime investigation",
    "url": "https://c4ads.org/reports/keeping-the-lights-on/",
    "document_url": "https://c4ads.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/KeepingTheLightsOn-C4ADS-Report.pdf",
    "locator": "Printed pp. 8–17; methods, carriers, support and ownership dispute",
    "access": "Full PDF downloaded; relevant sections and limitations reviewed",
    "limitation": "Risk-selected identities and AIS-derived events; certain ownership attribution explicitly disputed. Commercial service does not establish complicity."
  },
  {
    "id": "S06",
    "reference": 6,
    "title": "Environmental Crimes Section Monthly Bulletin, August 2015: Kaven Company and Kam Wing Chan",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "published": "2015-08",
    "source_type": "official criminal-case outcome report",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/enrd/file/783721/dl?inline=",
    "locator": "Printed p. 11; PDF page 7; pleas dated 2015-07-21",
    "access": "Official PDF passage reviewed",
    "limitation": "DOJ’s guilty-plea summary, not the underlying plea agreements. Later sentencing is covered separately in S35; ambiguous penalty attribution still requires the judgments."
  },
  {
    "id": "S07",
    "reference": 7,
    "title": "Labour exploitation in distant water fishing vessels registered with the SPRFMO",
    "publisher": "International Transport Workers’ Federation",
    "published": "2025",
    "source_type": "union research using port and vessel records",
    "url": "https://www.itfglobal.org/sites/default/files/node/resources/files/250212-Squid-Fishing-digital-_0.pdf",
    "locator": "Methodology and pp. 5, 16–17",
    "access": "Full PDF downloaded and relevant sections reviewed",
    "limitation": "Deaths, missing crew and medical disembarkations are distinct; registration is historical, not proof of current authorization; causes vary."
  },
  {
    "id": "S08",
    "reference": 8,
    "title": "Cambio de paradigma: operational enforcement account",
    "publisher": "Argentina, Prefectura Naval",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "official enforcement narrative",
    "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/prefecturanaval/resumen-operativo/cambio-de-paradigma",
    "locator": "Hua Li 8 account",
    "access": "Official page reviewed",
    "limitation": "Retrospective account; Indonesian disposition and final criminal outcome need original records. Purple Notice is distinct from judicial arrest order."
  },
  {
    "id": "S09",
    "reference": 9,
    "title": "CBP Issues Withhold Release Order on Chinese Fishing Fleet",
    "publisher": "U.S. Customs and Border Protection",
    "published": "2021-05-28",
    "source_type": "official import-control announcement, accessible republication",
    "url": "https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-issues-withhold-release-order-chinese-fishing-fleet",
    "document_url": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/china/2021/05/china-210528-dhs01.htm",
    "locator": "Dalian fleet WRO announcement",
    "access": "Original unavailable during check; contemporaneous republication reviewed",
    "limitation": "Historical action verified; current WRO status not independently verified."
  },
  {
    "id": "S10",
    "reference": 10,
    "title": "10 crew dead on Chinese tuna fleet supplying Japan",
    "publisher": "Tansa and reporting partners",
    "published": "2021",
    "source_type": "original investigative reporting",
    "url": "https://en.tansajp.org/investigativejournal/7769/",
    "locator": "Recruitment, worker accounts and Indonesian case outcomes",
    "access": "Investigation reviewed",
    "limitation": "Headline covers multiple vessels. Reported convictions concern either trafficking or unlawful recruitment; original judgments not obtained."
  },
  {
    "id": "S11",
    "reference": 11,
    "title": "Current Specially Designated Nationals CSV: five selected entries",
    "publisher": "U.S. Treasury / OFAC",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "live official sanctions dataset",
    "url": "https://sanctionslistservice.ofac.treas.gov/api/PublicationPreview/exports/SDN.CSV",
    "document_url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20221209",
    "locator": "IDs 33674, 33675, 33680, 33768, 33770",
    "access": "CSV downloaded at 2026-09-08T23:56:27Z; selected-match receipt preserved",
    "limitation": "Verifies only selected entries as of retrieval; not a current census of all linked vessels or sanctions exposure."
  },
  {
    "id": "S12",
    "reference": 12,
    "title": "Pingtan Marine Enterprise statement, SEC exhibit 99.1",
    "publisher": "Pingtan Marine Enterprise; SEC filing repository",
    "published": "2022-12-16",
    "source_type": "company response in regulatory filing",
    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1517130/000121390022082180/ea170524ex99-1_pingtan.htm",
    "locator": "Compliance assertions and response to OFAC designation",
    "access": "SEC-filed text reviewed",
    "limitation": "An interested party’s account; does not independently resolve government findings."
  },
  {
    "id": "S13",
    "reference": 13,
    "title": "Perú intensificó la fiscalización de embarcaciones extranjeras que ingresan a su mar",
    "publisher": "Peru, Ministerio de la Producción",
    "published": "2024-10-12",
    "source_type": "official policy explanation",
    "url": "https://www.gob.pe/institucion/produce/noticias/1038239-produce-peru-intensifico-la-fiscalizacion-de-embarcaciones-extranjeras-que-ingresan-a-su-mar",
    "locator": "DS 014-2024-PRODUCE and satellite monitoring",
    "access": "Official text available through search index; direct access intermittently blocked",
    "limitation": "Not a consolidated current legal text; distinguish exceptions, implementation and subsequent amendments."
  },
  {
    "id": "S14",
    "reference": 14,
    "title": "Taking Over From the Inside: China’s Growing Reach Into Local Waters",
    "publisher": "The Outlaw Ocean Project; Ian Urbina, Pete McKenzie, Milko Schvartzman",
    "published": "2024-08-04",
    "source_type": "original ownership and fisheries investigation",
    "url": "https://theoutlawocean.com/investigations/china-the-superpower-of-seafood/taking-over-from-the-inside-chinas-growing-reach-into-local-waters/",
    "locator": "Argentina ownership and flagging-in sections",
    "access": "Investigation reviewed",
    "limitation": "At least 62 industrial vessels is not an all-squid or offender count. Domestic flagging can be lawful; original licenses needed for specific illegality claims."
  },
  {
    "id": "S15",
    "reference": 15,
    "title": "Bait to Plate: Wei Yu 18",
    "publisher": "The Outlaw Ocean Project",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "investigative vessel dossier",
    "url": "https://b2p.theoutlawocean.com/vessels/wei-yu-18",
    "locator": "IMO 8782587; operator and labor-event entries",
    "access": "Vessel record reviewed",
    "limitation": "Attributed reporting, not a conviction established here. Current registry and any issued import restriction need separate verification."
  },
  {
    "id": "S16",
    "reference": 16,
    "title": "UFLPA Entity List notice, document 2024-12631",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Homeland Security / Federal Register",
    "published": "2024-06-12",
    "source_type": "official administrative listing",
    "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-06-12/pdf/2024-12631.pdf",
    "locator": "Shandong Meijia Group / Rizhao Meijia Group",
    "access": "Official notice reviewed",
    "limitation": "Establishes 2024 listing; live current list not independently verified. Labor-transfer criteria are separate from catch legality."
  },
  {
    "id": "S17",
    "reference": 17,
    "title": "Furniture Company Used as a Front for International Fish Smuggling Operation",
    "publisher": "U.S. DOJ, Southern District of California",
    "published": "2015-01-09",
    "source_type": "official indictment announcement",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdca/pr/furniture-company-used-front-international-fish-smuggling-operation",
    "locator": "Kaven commercial-concealment and trade-route allegations",
    "access": "Official release reviewed",
    "limitation": "Indictment-stage statements; use S06 for the later guilty-plea outcome."
  },
  {
    "id": "S18",
    "reference": 18,
    "title": "The South China Sea Arbitration: Press Release No. 11",
    "publisher": "Permanent Court of Arbitration",
    "published": "2016-07-12",
    "source_type": "official tribunal award summary",
    "url": "https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf",
    "document_url": "https://www.pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086",
    "locator": "Printed p. 10: Chinese activities and marine environment",
    "access": "Official summary findings reviewed; full award accessed through web, direct download blocked",
    "limitation": "Tribunal conclusions must be distinguished from party submissions; no adjudication of land sovereignty. Not an Americas fleet case."
  },
  {
    "id": "S19",
    "reference": 19,
    "title": "Pulling Back the Curtain on China’s Maritime Militia",
    "publisher": "AMTI / C4ADS",
    "published": "2021-11-18",
    "source_type": "specialized maritime-role investigation",
    "url": "https://amti.csis.org/pulling-back-the-curtain-on-chinas-maritime-militia/",
    "locator": "Methods and vessel-role identification",
    "access": "Research landing material reviewed",
    "limitation": "Cannot project identified South China Sea roles onto distant-water ships without vessel-specific evidence."
  },
  {
    "id": "S20",
    "reference": 20,
    "title": "Indonesian officials’ accounts of Kway Fey / Natuna incident",
    "publisher": "ANTARA",
    "published": "2016-03-20/2016-03-21",
    "source_type": "reporting quoting official participants",
    "url": "https://www.antaranews.com/berita/550996/menteri-susi-protes-masuknya-kapal-tiongkok",
    "document_url": "https://www.antaranews.com/berita/551120/indonesia-protes-tiongkok-terkait-masuknya-km-kway-fey-ke-natuna",
    "locator": "Susi Pudjiastuti and foreign ministry statements",
    "access": "Accounts reviewed",
    "limitation": "Party accounts relayed by news agency; compare S21 and seek primary operational records."
  },
  {
    "id": "S21",
    "reference": 21,
    "title": "Foreign ministry remarks on fishing-vessel incident near Natuna",
    "publisher": "PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs",
    "published": "2016-03-21",
    "source_type": "official party response",
    "url": "https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/eng/fyrbt_1/201603/t20160321_8525192.htm",
    "locator": "Kway Fey incident response",
    "access": "Official account reviewed",
    "limitation": "Interested state account; traditional-grounds assertion is not an independent legal determination."
  },
  {
    "id": "S22",
    "reference": 22,
    "title": "CMM 18-2026: Management of the jumbo flying squid fishery",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2026",
    "source_type": "adopted conservation and management measure",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Fisheries/Conservation-and-Management-Measures/2026-CMMs/CMM-18-2026-Squid.pdf",
    "document_url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/fisheries/conservation-and-management-measures",
    "locator": "Authorizations, limits and monitoring provisions",
    "access": "Downloaded from official current measures collection",
    "limitation": "Use adopted-list provenance; do not confuse cap with active-vessel count or rely on an earlier draft."
  },
  {
    "id": "S23",
    "reference": 23,
    "title": "CMM 12-2024: Transhipment, consequential changes 2026",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2024; consequential 2026 version",
    "source_type": "conservation and management measure",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Fisheries/Conservation-and-Management-Measures/2026-CMMs/CMM-12-2024-Transhipment_CONSEQ2026.pdf",
    "locator": "Authorization and reporting provisions",
    "access": "Official PDF downloaded and reviewed",
    "limitation": "Transfer legality depends on applicable rules and event facts; not all transshipment is prohibited."
  },
  {
    "id": "S24",
    "reference": 24,
    "title": "Decision 18-2024 on labour standards",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2024-03-01",
    "source_type": "intergovernmental decision",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Basic-Documents/Convention-and-Final-Act/Article-16-Decisions/Decision-18-2024-Labour-Standards-in-SPRFMO-1Mar2024.pdf",
    "locator": "Decision text",
    "access": "Official PDF reviewed",
    "limitation": "Do not equate this instrument with a binding CMM, a national law or universal ratification of ILO C188."
  },
  {
    "id": "S25",
    "reference": 25,
    "title": "Fraudulent registration and fraudulent registries of ships",
    "publisher": "International Maritime Organization",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "official legal-policy explanation",
    "url": "https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/legal/pages/fraudulent-registration-and-fraudulent-registries-of-ships.aspx",
    "locator": "Definitions of fraudulent registration",
    "access": "Official explanation reviewed",
    "limitation": "Defines conduct; does not establish an offense by any named ship in this dossier."
  },
  {
    "id": "S26",
    "reference": 26,
    "title": "Who Controls the Distant Water Squid Fishing Fleet?",
    "publisher": "C4ADS; Austin Brush and Jessa Rose Dury-Agri",
    "published": "2022",
    "source_type": "ownership and vessel-risk research",
    "url": "https://c4ads.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/SquidFleet-Brief.pdf",
    "locator": "Jing Yuan 626 discussion, printed pp. 15–16",
    "access": "Full PDF downloaded and relevant sections reviewed",
    "limitation": "Risk-selected sample is not fleet prevalence; the Jing Yuan legal outcome requires primary corroboration."
  },
  {
    "id": "S27",
    "reference": 27,
    "title": "Suspicious behavior and vessel tracks: interpretation limitations",
    "publisher": "Global Fishing Watch",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "data-provider methodology",
    "url": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/data/suspicious-behavior-vessel-tracks/",
    "locator": "Tracking gaps and behavioral inference",
    "access": "Methodological explanation reviewed",
    "limitation": "Behavioral signals are not findings of illegality."
  },
  {
    "id": "S28",
    "reference": 28,
    "title": "API v3 data caveats",
    "publisher": "Global Fishing Watch",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "technical data documentation",
    "url": "https://api-doc.globalfishingwatch.org/our-apis/documentation/docs/v3/general-api-doc/data-caveats",
    "locator": "Identity and activity limitations",
    "access": "Documentation reviewed",
    "limitation": "Modeled observations and reporting coverage require interpretation; not a complete vessel census."
  },
  {
    "id": "S29",
    "reference": 29,
    "title": "Questions and answers on business and forced labour",
    "publisher": "International Labour Organization",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "official labor-standard guidance",
    "url": "https://www.ilo.org/resource/qas-business-and-forced-labour-0",
    "locator": "Forced-labor definition and indicators",
    "access": "Official guidance reviewed",
    "limitation": "Indicators assist investigation, not automatic criminal adjudication."
  },
  {
    "id": "S30",
    "reference": 30,
    "title": "Seafood Import Monitoring Program",
    "publisher": "NOAA Fisheries",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "official program scope",
    "url": "https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/international/international-affairs/seafood-import-monitoring-program",
    "locator": "13 seafood groups and program coverage",
    "access": "Official program body reviewed",
    "limitation": "SIMP scope is not the scope of every U.S. import, wildlife or labor law."
  },
  {
    "id": "S31",
    "reference": 31,
    "title": "Port State Measures",
    "publisher": "FAO",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "official institutional framework",
    "url": "https://www.fao.org/fishery/psm",
    "locator": "Port-state role",
    "access": "Institutional resource reviewed",
    "limitation": "Country participation and national powers require current jurisdiction-specific checks."
  },
  {
    "id": "S32",
    "reference": 32,
    "title": "Latin America program and regional work",
    "publisher": "Global Fishing Watch",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "existing tools and regional research resource",
    "url": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/latin-america/",
    "locator": "Regional work and tracking resources",
    "access": "Resource reviewed for existing-solutions preflight",
    "limitation": "Link to original tools; confirm dataset licensing and attribution before reuse."
  },
  {
    "id": "S33",
    "reference": 33,
    "title": "China: The Superpower of Seafood",
    "publisher": "The Outlaw Ocean Project",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "investigation collection",
    "url": "https://theoutlawocean.com/investigations/china-the-superpower-of-seafood/",
    "locator": "Original investigations and supply-chain reporting",
    "access": "Collection reviewed for research and existing-solutions preflight",
    "limitation": "A collection is not independent corroboration of its own individual articles; substantial reporting and media remain the publisher’s work."
  },
  {
    "id": "S34",
    "reference": 34,
    "title": "La Justicia pidió la captura internacional de cinco buques chinos",
    "publisher": "Argentina, Ministerio de Seguridad",
    "published": "2018-03-08",
    "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/la-justicia-pidio-la-captura-internacional-de-cinco-buques-chinos",
    "locator": "Capture order and account of obstruction",
    "limitation": "An official enforcement account and order, not a final conviction.",
    "source_type": "official record",
    "access": "Original public record reviewed"
  },
  {
    "id": "S35",
    "reference": 35,
    "title": "Environmental Crimes Section Monthly Bulletin: Kaven sentencing",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "published": "2015-11",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/enrd/file/815486/dl",
    "locator": "Printed p. 15; sentencing 5 October 2015",
    "limitation": "Confirms sentencing and restitution. Bulletin repeats the individual’s name in two penalty descriptions; obtain judgments before assigning every component.",
    "source_type": "official record",
    "access": "Original public record reviewed"
  },
  {
    "id": "S36",
    "reference": 36,
    "title": "China’s ministry notice on distant-water fishing violations and administrative measures",
    "publisher": "PRC Ministry of Agriculture",
    "published": "2018-02-13",
    "url": "https://www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2018/201803/201805/P020180528572092099065.pdf",
    "locator": "Notice 农办渔〔2018〕12号; PDF pp. 61–63; sections I, VIII and IX",
    "limitation": "English summaries translated from the Chinese notice. Administrative findings and ordered measures are not proof of implementation or current vessel status.",
    "source_type": "official record",
    "access": "Original public record reviewed",
    "original_title": "农业部办公厅关于部分远洋渔业企业及渔船违法违规问题和处理意见的通报"
  },
  {
    "id": "S37",
    "reference": 37,
    "title": "Pingtan Marine Enterprise: 2013 Form 10-K",
    "publisher": "Pingtan Marine Enterprise / SEC",
    "published": "2014",
    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1517130/000114420414014498/v370386_10k.htm",
    "locator": "Off-balance-sheet arrangements; related-party guarantees and collateral",
    "limitation": "Historical company disclosure. Financing is not evidence of lender participation in an offense; dollar figures differ between sections, so the site does not aggregate them.",
    "source_type": "company regulatory filing",
    "access": "Original public record reviewed"
  },
  {
    "id": "S38",
    "reference": 38,
    "title": "SDN vessel snapshot: Global Magnitsky entries",
    "publisher": "U.S. Treasury / OFAC",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "official sanctions dataset",
    "url": "https://sanctionslistservice.ofac.treas.gov/api/PublicationPreview/exports/SDN.CSV",
    "locator": "Vessel entries in GLOMAG program; extraction rule and timestamp preserved",
    "access": "Public CSV downloaded; 157 selected vessel rows parsed",
    "limitation": "Sanctions-listed vessel records, not the whole Chinese fleet; listed identity and flag are not independently verified current registry data. No present position inferred."
  },
  {
    "id": "S39",
    "reference": 39,
    "title": "El patrullero oceánico ARA Bouchard arribó a Puerto Belgrano",
    "publisher": "Argentine Navy",
    "published": "2020-05-12",
    "source_type": "official enforcement account",
    "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/el-patrullero-oceanico-ara-bouchard-arribo-puerto-belgrano",
    "locator": "Detection and boarding on 4 May 2020",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Initial cargo estimate differs from the later parliamentary report; enforcement narrative is not a criminal judgment."
  },
  {
    "id": "S40",
    "reference": 40,
    "title": "Informe 130 a la Cámara de Diputados",
    "publisher": "Argentina, Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros",
    "published": "2021",
    "source_type": "official parliamentary accountability report",
    "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/informe_130-_hdn.pdf",
    "locator": "PDF p. 119 and pp. 1143–1144; 2020 seizures, payments and releases",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Totals and component amounts vary slightly between responses. Use reported totals, not a newly calculated aggregate; historical Argentine pesos, not current values."
  },
  {
    "id": "S41",
    "reference": 41,
    "title": "Prefectura escolta hacia mar territorial argentino a un buque infractor",
    "publisher": "Argentina, Prefectura Naval",
    "published": "2020-05-13",
    "source_type": "official enforcement account",
    "url": "https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/prefectura-escolta-hacia-mar-territorial-argentino-un-buque-infractor",
    "locator": "Lu Rong Yuan Yu 668: 28 April detection and 13 May escort",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Contemporaneous investigation announcement; subsequent payment is established separately in S40."
  },
  {
    "id": "S42",
    "reference": 42,
    "title": "CSMS 65176258: Withhold Release Order on Seafood Harvested by Zhen Fa 7",
    "publisher": "U.S. Customs and Border Protection",
    "published": "2025-05-28",
    "source_type": "official import-control notice",
    "url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCBP/bulletins/3e282c2",
    "locator": "Effective date, reasonable-indication standard and importer challenge procedures",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Historical WRO issuance, not a criminal conviction or a determination about every customer; subsequent modification status needs a fresh official list check."
  },
  {
    "id": "S43",
    "reference": 43,
    "title": "Zhen Fa 7: vessel record",
    "publisher": "The Outlaw Ocean Project",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "original investigative vessel database",
    "url": "https://b2p.theoutlawocean.com/vessels/zhen-fa-7",
    "locator": "Operator, IMO 8776966, crew case notes and linked processing network",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Reported findings, not a judgment. Commercial links do not prove a particular retail product contains this vessel’s catch."
  },
  {
    "id": "S44",
    "reference": 44,
    "title": "Rongcheng Wangdao Dayang Aquatic Products: correspondence",
    "publisher": "The Outlaw Ocean Project / company response",
    "published": "2023",
    "source_type": "published right-of-reply correspondence",
    "url": "https://theoutlawocean.com/investigations/china-the-superpower-of-seafood/discussion/stakeholders/rongcheng-wangdao-dayang-aquatic-products-co-ltd/",
    "locator": "February–August 2023 questions and company denial",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "The company response is a party statement; reporters’ questions are allegations, not independent findings."
  },
  {
    "id": "S45",
    "reference": 45,
    "title": "A Fleet Prone to Captive Labor and Plunder",
    "publisher": "The Outlaw Ocean Project",
    "published": "2023",
    "source_type": "original investigative reporting",
    "url": "https://theoutlawocean.com/investigations/china-the-superpower-of-seafood/a-fleet-prone-to-captive-labor-and-plunder/",
    "locator": "Daniel Aritonang, Heri Kusmanto, recruitment contracts and South American voyage",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Interviews and documentary reporting; medical and illegal-fishing inferences require attribution. AIS gaps alone do not establish an incursion."
  },
  {
    "id": "S46",
    "reference": 46,
    "title": "Ministerio de la Producción decomisa 19 toneladas de pota de una embarcación china",
    "publisher": "Peru, Ministerio de la Producción",
    "published": "2018",
    "source_type": "official seizure announcement",
    "url": "https://www.gob.pe/institucion/produce/noticias/23257-ministerio-de-la-produccion-decomisa-19-toneladas-del-recursos-pota-de-una-embarcacion-china",
    "locator": "Run Da 608 seizure in Áncash",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Seizure and ministry characterization are separate from the captain’s later criminal adjudication."
  },
  {
    "id": "S47",
    "reference": 47,
    "title": "Ministerio Público consiguió que caso Run Da 608 pase a juicio oral",
    "publisher": "Peru, Ministerio Público",
    "published": "2020-10-23",
    "source_type": "official prosecution update",
    "url": "https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mpfn/noticias/309445-ministerio-publico-consiguio-que-caso-run-da-608-pase-a-juicio-oral",
    "locator": "Captain Zhuang Hanbo, company, alleged extraction and requested penalty",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Referral to trial is not a conviction. Three years four months and S/71,250 were requested, not an established sentence or payment."
  },
  {
    "id": "S48",
    "reference": 48,
    "title": "Ushuaia: la fiscalía solicitó medidas para investigar posible daño ambiental",
    "publisher": "Argentina, Ministerio Público Fiscal",
    "published": "2024-05-31",
    "source_type": "official investigation announcement",
    "url": "https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/fiscalias/ushuaia-la-fiscalia-solicito-medidas-para-investigar-el-posible-dano-ambiental-de-un-buque-chino-que-pescaba-merluza-negra-de-forma-ilegal-en-el-mar-argentino/",
    "locator": "21 March inspection, juvenile catches, labeling discrepancies and requested expert evidence",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "The announcement does not name the vessel; attribution to Tai An is corroborated by matching voyage dates in INIDEP and contemporary reporting. Investigation, not a final criminal judgment."
  },
  {
    "id": "S49",
    "reference": 49,
    "title": "INIDEP 065/24: Tai An catches and hourly yields, 2018–June 2024",
    "publisher": "INIDEP; Martínez, Wöhler, Troccoli and Di Marco",
    "published": "2024-07-29",
    "source_type": "government scientific report",
    "url": "https://marabiertonew.inidep.edu.ar/server/api/core/bitstreams/c1a38c58-e656-4d0e-8626-1e9d1fc3d487/content",
    "locator": "Summary and methods; official catch statistics versus observer-recorded gear",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Technical assessment, not a court judgment. Distinguishes historical quota years and gear types; findings concern the period studied."
  },
  {
    "id": "S50",
    "reference": 50,
    "title": "Prodesur’s quota dispute after the Tai An case",
    "publisher": "Infobae; Sergio Serrichio",
    "published": "2025-06-09",
    "source_type": "original reporting and reported company position",
    "url": "https://www.infobae.com/economia/2025/06/09/el-empresario-chino-multado-por-capturas-ilegales-y-dano-ambiental-denuncio-al-consejo-de-pesca-quiere-cuota-de-merluza-negra-la-especie-mas-valiosa-del-mar-argentino/",
    "locator": "Prodesur’s incidental-catch defense, later quota complaint and reported administrative sanction",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Reported sanction and complaint are not original judgments. Allegations of bribery or political influence are not adopted as findings."
  },
  {
    "id": "S51",
    "reference": 51,
    "title": "Fiscalía logró condena a ciudadano por tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre",
    "publisher": "Peru, Ministerio Público",
    "published": "2023-04-21",
    "source_type": "official conviction report",
    "url": "https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mpfn/noticias/747604-fiscalia-logro-condena-a-ciudadano-por-trafico-ilegal-de-fauna-silvestre",
    "locator": "Yuelin Gan Cao conviction, 65.88 kg, three consignments and monetary orders",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Reports trial outcome; appellate status and collection of monetary orders not obtained. No finding that the postal carrier knowingly participated."
  },
  {
    "id": "S52",
    "reference": 52,
    "title": "Fiscalía logra cárcel efectiva para hombre que iba a exportar aletas por encomienda",
    "publisher": "Peru, Ministerio Público",
    "published": "2023-04-25",
    "source_type": "official conviction follow-up",
    "url": "https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mpfn/noticias/749095-fiscalia-logra-carcel-efectiva-para-hombre-que-iba-exportar-aletas-de-tiburon-por-encomienda",
    "locator": "25 July 2019 customs inspection, Hong Kong destination and nationality",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Corrects or adds detail to the earlier release. Species wording differs; the site avoids inferring that the defendant personally caught or killed the sharks."
  },
  {
    "id": "S53",
    "reference": 53,
    "title": "Hong Kong Customs makes record seizure of smuggled scheduled dried shark fins",
    "publisher": "Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department",
    "published": "2020-05-06",
    "source_type": "official customs seizure announcement",
    "url": "https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202005/06/P2020050600631.htm",
    "locator": "28 April and 4 May container inspections; Ecuador origin; suspect released on bail",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Two seizures of approximately 13 tonnes each; suspected scheduled fins, not a conviction. Does not identify the fishing vessels or prove Galápagos origin."
  },
  {
    "id": "S54",
    "reference": 54,
    "title": "Eastern Pacific is a major supply chain for illegal fin trade, researchers find",
    "publisher": "Florida International University",
    "published": "2020-10-13",
    "source_type": "research institution account of original scientific work",
    "url": "https://news.fiu.edu/2020/eastern-pacific-is-a-major-supply-chain-for-illegal-fin-trade%2C-researchers-find",
    "locator": "Genetic origin research and species-identification toolkit used in customs work",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Regional biological origin does not identify a particular catching vessel; institutional summary rather than a seizure judgment."
  },
  {
    "id": "S55",
    "reference": 55,
    "title": "Fishy Business: smuggler of swim bladders sentenced in federal court",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "published": "2014-08-11",
    "source_type": "official sentencing report",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdca/pr/fishy-business-smuggler-swim-bladders-sentenced-federal-court",
    "locator": "Song Shen Zhen: sentence, restitution, border discovery and drying house",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "27 bladders found at the border and 214 at the house, not 241 in the car. Restitution ordered does not establish payment; overseas buyer unidentified."
  },
  {
    "id": "S56",
    "reference": 56,
    "title": "Massive trade in endangered species uncovered: totoaba cases",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "published": "2013-04-24",
    "source_type": "official charging announcement and market context",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdca/pr/massive-trade-endangered-species-uncovered-us-attorney-charges-7-smuggling-swim",
    "locator": "Zhen search and Chinese-market context",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Other defendants’ charges are not their convictions. Some chronology and seizure detail differ from the later sentencing account; S55 controls for Zhen."
  },
  {
    "id": "S57",
    "reference": 57,
    "title": "Vaquita: species and threats",
    "publisher": "NOAA Fisheries",
    "published": null,
    "source_type": "official species assessment",
    "url": "https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/vaquita",
    "locator": "Totoaba gillnet bycatch and Gulf of California habitat",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Species-level ecological context does not prove a specific trafficker caused an individual vaquita death."
  },
  {
    "id": "S58",
    "reference": 58,
    "title": "Clamor grows for ending trafficking, slavery on the seas",
    "publisher": "ANTARA",
    "published": "2020-06-16",
    "source_type": "original reporting quoting survivors and Indonesian officials",
    "url": "https://en.antaranews.com/news/150860/clamor-grows-for-ending-trafficking-slavery-on-the-seas",
    "locator": "5 June escape from Lu Qing Yuan Yu 901 and recruitment promises",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Report combines several separate vessels’ cases; do not transfer Long Xing burial details to this vessel. Final recruiter adjudication not established."
  },
  {
    "id": "S59",
    "reference": 59,
    "title": "Police name three recruiters as suspects in Chinese vessel human trafficking case",
    "publisher": "The Jakarta Post",
    "published": "2020-06-16",
    "source_type": "original reporting on police statement",
    "url": "https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/16/police-name-three-recruiters-as-suspects-in-chinese-vessel-human-trafficking-case",
    "locator": "Recruiter suspects, job deception and alleged certificate forgery",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Police allegations and suspect designations, not convictions. Initials are retained; no attempt to expose unidentified suspects."
  },
  {
    "id": "S60",
    "reference": 60,
    "title": "Analysis of the Southeast Pacific squid fleet, July 2021",
    "publisher": "Global Fishing Watch",
    "published": "2021-07",
    "source_type": "original satellite and vessel-identity analysis",
    "url": "https://globalfishingwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/GFW-2021-FA-SQUID2020-EN-1.pdf",
    "locator": "Multiple MMSI analysis and Yong Xing 1 case study; Spanish version p. 33",
    "access": "Original PDF downloaded and relevant vessel identity table and voyage analysis inspected. Raw AIS observations were not independently reconstructed.",
    "limitation": "AIS country prefixes are not proof of valid flag registration. Intent, operator responsibility and legal outcome need further evidence; one hull can broadcast multiple identities."
  },
  {
    "id": "S61",
    "reference": 61,
    "title": "11th SPRFMO Commission meeting report and annexes",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2023",
    "source_type": "intergovernmental decision and party submissions",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/01-COMM/11th-Commission-2022-COMM11/COMM11-Report/SPRFMO-COMM11-Report-2023-with-annexes.pdf",
    "locator": "Printed pp. 5–6; Annex 6a Table 12 (PDF p. 68)",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Records competing legal positions and a decision not to list the two vessels; provisional-list allegations must not be presented as final IUU designation."
  },
  {
    "id": "S62",
    "reference": 62,
    "title": "10th Compliance and Technical Committee report",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2023",
    "source_type": "intergovernmental committee record",
    "url": "https://sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/03-CTC/10th-CTC-2023/SPRFMO-CTC10-Report-2023-final-with-Annexes.pdf",
    "locator": "Paragraph 58 onward: Zhou Yu 929 and Pu Yuan 755 proposals",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Committee stage is not the final Commission decision; read with S61."
  },
  {
    "id": "S63",
    "reference": 63,
    "title": "2019 Final Compliance Report: Damanzaihao / Vladivostok 2000",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2019",
    "source_type": "intergovernmental compliance findings",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/01-COMM/7th-Commission-2019-COMM7/reports/ANNEX-4-COMM7-2019-Final-Compliance-Report.pdf",
    "locator": "Table 4: port access, services and responses from China, Panama and Cook Islands",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Historical compliance findings; vessel was subsequently removed from the IUU list. Does not show that later owners committed earlier conduct."
  },
  {
    "id": "S64",
    "reference": 64,
    "title": "CTC7 report: removal request for Vladivostok 2000",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2020-03-10",
    "source_type": "intergovernmental committee record",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/03-CTC/7th-CTC-2020/CTC7-Meeting-Report-10Mar2020.pdf",
    "locator": "Paragraphs 134–139, ownership change and Russian assurances",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Summarizes evidence and flag-state representations; recommendation must be read with the final Commission decision."
  },
  {
    "id": "S65",
    "reference": 65,
    "title": "8th Commission meeting report: IUU-list decisions",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2020-03-10",
    "source_type": "intergovernmental final decision",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/01-COMM/8th-Commission-2020-COMM8/COMM8-Meeting-Report-Final-10Mar2020.pdf",
    "locator": "Paragraphs 66–67: removal of Vladivostok 2000",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "2020 delisting is established; not a current registry or a ruling erasing earlier conduct."
  },
  {
    "id": "S66",
    "reference": 66,
    "title": "Triple sale by Atlantic Shipping",
    "publisher": "Atlantic Shipping",
    "published": "2018-04",
    "source_type": "original broker transaction announcement",
    "url": "https://www.atlanticship.dk/triple-sale-by-atlantic-shipping/",
    "locator": "April 2018 sale announcement for processing mother vessel Damanzaihao",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Commercial party statement; a sale by itself neither establishes wrongdoing nor resolves liability."
  },
  {
    "id": "S67",
    "reference": 67,
    "title": "China Fishery-related Chapter 11 decision, document 23",
    "publisher": "U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York",
    "published": "2016-11-15",
    "source_type": "published court decision",
    "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-nysb-1_16-bk-11914/pdf/USCOURTS-nysb-1_16-bk-11914-0.pdf",
    "locator": "Corporate background and SFR / Damanzaihao asset discussion",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Financial proceeding, not an illegal-fishing judgment. Historical group structure must not be carried forward after a sale."
  },
  {
    "id": "S68",
    "reference": 68,
    "title": "Pacific Andes vessel placed on IUU fishing list",
    "publisher": "SeafoodSource; Sean Murphy",
    "published": "2015",
    "source_type": "original reporting including company response",
    "url": "https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/pacific-andes-vessel-placed-on-iuu-fishing-list",
    "locator": "2015 listing and Geoffrey Walsh’s response",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Contemporaneous report and party response; superseded as to current listing by the 2020 delisting."
  },
  {
    "id": "S69",
    "reference": 69,
    "title": "Owner of seafood company charged in Atlantic blue crab scam",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "published": "2018-01-12",
    "source_type": "official charging announcement",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/owner-seafood-company-charged-atlantic-blue-crab-scam",
    "locator": "Imported sources and repacking allegations",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Initial allegations; later sentencing establishes the outcome. Imported origin alone is not illegal."
  },
  {
    "id": "S70",
    "reference": 70,
    "title": "Environmental Crimes Section Monthly Bulletin, February 2019",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "published": "2019-02",
    "source_type": "official sentencing report",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2019/03/25/february_2019_bulletin_redacted_0.pdf",
    "locator": "United States v. James R. Casey, 4:18-cr-00004",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Reports 45-month sentence; a later release about a different defendant says 48 months. This file uses the contemporaneous sentencing bulletin."
  },
  {
    "id": "S71",
    "reference": 71,
    "title": "Owner of seafood company sentenced to prison for blue crab scam",
    "publisher": "U.S. Department of Justice",
    "published": "2019-01-09",
    "source_type": "official sentencing announcement",
    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/owner-seafood-company-sentenced-prison-blue-crab-scam",
    "locator": "James Casey, false origin labels, source countries and volume",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "U.S. processor’s offense; does not establish foreign suppliers knowingly participated or the catch was illegally harvested."
  },
  {
    "id": "S72",
    "reference": 72,
    "title": "2020 Record of Vessels implementation report",
    "publisher": "SPRFMO",
    "published": "2020",
    "source_type": "historical intergovernmental vessel register",
    "url": "https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Meetings/03-CTC/7th-CTC-2020/meeting-documents/CTC7-Doc08-rev1-Commission-Record-of-Vessels-Implementation-Report-b.pdf",
    "locator": "Yong Xing 1 row: IMO 8776497",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Historical identity anchor. This is not a current vessel authorization or a record of accepted Argentine or Korean flag registration."
  },
  {
    "id": "S73",
    "reference": 73,
    "title": "Profile of Liu Zhijiang and Prodesur in the Tai An case",
    "publisher": "elDiarioAR; Gabriel Ramonet",
    "published": "2024-03-29",
    "source_type": "original local reporting",
    "url": "https://www.eldiarioar.com/politica/misterioso-rembrandt-175-toneladas-merluza-negra-empresario-chino-acusado-pesca-ilegal_1_11248385.html",
    "locator": "Prodesur ownership and Chinese-born entrepreneur established in Tierra del Fuego",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Biography is not proof of state direction; unrelated personal-business claims are not adopted by this project."
  },
  {
    "id": "S74",
    "reference": 74,
    "title": "Autoridad Marítima realizó visita inspectiva a buque pesquero chino Hai Li 18",
    "publisher": "Chile, Directemar",
    "published": "2025",
    "source_type": "official port inspection account",
    "url": "https://www.directemar.cl/autoridad-maritima-realizo-visita-inspectiva",
    "locator": "Valparaíso crew-change authorization and inspection",
    "access": "Original public source reviewed during September 2026 expansion",
    "limitation": "Authorized port use and inspection do not by themselves establish any violation."
  }
]